Power Plant Perforamnce Monitoring is the complete reference book on power plant performance monitoring calculations and analytical methods. Five hunderd and thirty pages of detailed information.

Table of Contents:

1         Overview of Performance Monitoring

1.1      Concept of Performance Monitoring

1.1.1       “Where You Are” Versus “Where You Should Be”

1.1.2      Performance Calculation Procedure

1.1.3      Expected Performance: “Where you should be”

1.1.4      Equipment Ratings

1.1.5      Corrected Performance: The indicator of degradation

1.1.6      What is my degradation?

1.1.7      How much is degradation costing me?

1.1.8      Optimization: “Where You Could Be”

1.1.9      Controllable Loss Displays

1.2         ASME Test Codes

1.3         Performance Testing versus Online Monitoring

1.4         Curve Based Methods

1.4.1      Performance Curves

1.4.2      Expected Performance from Curves

1.4.3      Additive Performance Factors

1.4.4      Expected Performance from Curves

1.4.5      Correction Factors

1.4.6      Percent Change Correction Factors

1.5         Model-Based Performance Analysis

2            Heat Balances

2.1         Local Balances

2.2         Overall Combined-Cycle Plant Heat Balance

2.3         Overall Rankine Cycle Plant Heat Balance

3            Data Validation

3.1         Definition of Data Validation

3.2         Range Checking

3.2.1      Static Ranges

3.2.2      Dynamic Ranges

3.2.3      Rejected Values

3.3         Averaging Sensor Data

3.4         Time Averaging

3.5         Heat Balances for Data Validation

4            Accuracy of Calculated Results

4.1         Instrument Error

4.1.1      Measurement Error

4.1.2      Random Uncertainty

4.1.3      Systematic Uncertainty

4.2         Uncertainty of a Calculated Test Result

4.3         Monte Carlo Method

4.3.1      Definition of the Monte Carlo Method

4.3.2      Probability Distributions

4.3.3      Sampling from Probability Distributions

4.3.4      Running the Monte Carlo Simulation

4.3.5      Results of the Monte Carlo Simulation

5            Overall Plant Performance

5.1         Specification of Overall Power Plant Performance

5.2         Overall Plant Expected Performance Models

5.2.1      Curve-Based Method for Expected Plant Performance

5.2.2      Model-Based Method for Expected Plant Performance

5.2.3      Impact Method for Expected Plant Performance

5.3         Degradation of the Overall Power Plant

6            Impacts of Degradation on Plant Performance

6.1         Definition of Plant Impacts

6.2         Gas Turbine Impacts

6.3         Heat Recovery Steam Generator Impacts

6.4         Steam Turbine Impacts

6.5         Boiler Impacts

6.6         Feedwater Heater Impacts

6.7         Condenser Impacts

6.8         Cooling Tower Impacts

6.9         Inlet Air Filter Impacts

6.10      Exhaust Pressure Loss Impacts

7            Gas Turbine Performance

7.1         Overview

7.2         Power Generation

7.3         Air Flow, Firing Temperature and Pressure Ratio

7.4         Control Algorithms

7.5         Correction Curves (Baseload Performance)

7.5.1      Effect of Ambient Temperature

7.5.2      Effect of Atmospheric Pressure or Altitude 

7.5.3      Effect of Inlet Pressure Drop

7.5.4      Effect of Exit Pressure Drop

7.5.5      Effect of Steam or Water Injection

7.6         Part-Load Performance (Industrial Engines)

7.7         Part-Load Correction Curves

7.8         Aeroderivative Engine Performance

7.9         Overall Gas Turbine Heat Balance

7.10       Detailed Gas Turbine Heat Balance

7.11       Model-Based Gas Turbine Heat Balance

7.12       Physically-Based Models for Expected Gas Turbine Performance

7.13       Gas Turbine Performance Evaluation

7.14       Performance Degradation and Engine Life

7.15       Example Results From Operating Power Plants

8            Heat Recovery Steam Generator Performance

8.1         Overview

8.1.1      Economizers

8.1.2      Economizer Performance

8.1.3      Economizers and Corrosion

8.1.4      Evaporators

8.1.5      Evaporator Performance

8.1.5.1   Steam Production vs Pinch Point

8.1.5.2   Steam Production vs Steam Pressure

8.1.5.3   Steam Production vs Gas Inlet Temperature

8.1.6      Blowdown

8.1.7      Superheaters

8.1.8      Duct Burner

8.1.9      Desuperheaters

8.2         HRSG Efficiency and Effectiveness

8.3         Expected HRSG Performance

8.3.1      Effect of Duct Burner Firing

8.3.2      Effect of Exhaust Gas Temperature

8.3.3      Effect of Exhaust Gas Flow

8.3.4      Effect of Steam Pressure

8.4         HRSG Heat Balance Analysis

8.5         Model-Based HRSG Heat Balance Analysis

8.6         HRSG Performance Evaluation

8.7         Example Performance Analysis of Fouled HP Evaporator

8.8         Example of Improved IP and LP Expected Performance

8.9         Summary of HRSG Monitoring Methods

9            Steam Turbine Performance

9.1         Overview

9.2         Real Steam Turbine Configurations

9.2.1      Inlet Section

9.2.1.1   Uncontrolled Admission

9.2.1.2   Partial-Arc Admission

9.2.2      Condensing Section

9.2.2.1   Moisture Considerations

9.2.2.2   Exhaust Loss

9.2.3      Back-Pressure Steam Turbine

9.2.4      Extractions

9.2.5      Controlled (‘Automatic’) Extraction

9.2.6      Uncontrolled Extraction

9.2.7      Admission

9.2.8      Reheat

9.3         Seals and Leaks

9.4         Steam Turbine Performance Parameters

9.4.1      Steam Turbine Efficiency and Heat Rate

9.4.2      Pressure, Temperature and Flow Relationships

9.4.3      Performance Map

9.5         Steam Turbine Heat Balance Analysis

9.5.1      Combined Cycle Steam Turbine Heat Balance Analysis

9.5.2      Rankine Cycle Steam Turbine Heat Balance Analysis

9.6         Curve Based Expected Performance

9.6.1      Rankine Cycle Steam Turbine Correction Curves

9.6.2      Combined Cycle Steam Turbine Performance Curves

9.7         Model-Based Expected Steam Turbine Performance

9.7.1      Expected Performance of Overall Steam Turbine

9.7.2      Section-by-Section Expected Steam Turbine Performance

9.8         Building Steam Turbine Expected Performance Models

9.9         Steam Turbine Degradation

9.10       Example of Degradation in HP Section of Steam Turbine

10          Boiler Performance

10.1       Boiler Efficiency

10.2       Theoretical Air

10.3       Boiler Losses

10.4       Flue Gas Loss

10.4.1    Generalized Chemical Balance Method

10.4.2    Products of Combustion Method

10.4.3    Loss Due to Moisture

10.5       Loss Due to Ash

10.6       Loss Due to Radiation

10.7       Credits for Heat Addition to Boiler

10.8       Boiler Heat Balance Analysis

10.8.1    Furnance Heat Balance Analysis

10.8.2    Heat Balance Analysis of Boiler Convective Heat Exchangers

10.8.3    Desuperheater Heat Balance

10.8.4    Air Heater Heat Balance

10.8.5    Simultaneous Solution of the Equations

10.8.6    Model-Based Boiler Heat Balance Analysis

10.9       Expected Boiler Performance

10.9.1    Curve-Based Method for Expected Boiler Performance

10.9.2    Model-Based Prediction of Boiler Performance

10.9.2.1 Equipment-by-Equipment Expected Performance

10.9.2.2  Expected Furnace Performance

10.9.2.3  Expected Performance of Convective Superheater and Reheater

10.9.2.4  Expected Performance of Convective Economizer and Reheater

10.10      Boiler Degradation

10.11      Sootblowing Analysis

11           Air Heater Performance

11.1        Overview

11.2        Air Heater Heat Balance Analysis

11.3        Air Heater Expected Performance

11.4        Air Heater Degradation

12           Feedwater Heater Performance

12.1        Overview

12.2        Feedwater Heater Heat Balance Analysis

12.3        Expected Feedwater Heater Performance

12.4        Feedwater Heater Degradation

13           Deaerators, Drums and Open Heaters

14           Condenser Performance

14.1        Overview

14.2        Condenser Heat Balance Analysis

14.2.1     Overall Plant Energy Balance to Get Condenser Duty

14.2.2     Steam Turbine Expansion Line Analysis

14.2.3     Condenser Heat Balance Equations

14.2.4     Condenser Cleanliness from Measured Data

14.2.5     Validation of Condenser Heat Balance Data

14.3        Condenser Expected Performance

14.4        Condenser Degradation

14.5        Diagnosing Condenser Performance Problems

15           Cooling Tower Performance

15.1        Overview

15.2        Expected Cool Water Temperature

15.3        Cooling Tower Degradation

16           Inlet and Exhaust Pressure Losses

16.1        Overview

16.2        Expected Pressure Loss

16.3        Air Filter Degradation

17           Pump Performance

17.1        Overview

17.2        Extended Bernoulli Equation

17.3        Pump Curves

17.4        Affinity Laws

17.5        Corrected Pump Performance

17.6        Pump Flow Control

17.7        Pump Degradation

18           Appendix 1: Dictionary of Performance Terms

19           Appendix 2: Properties of Gases